The Oppression of Females in Advertising :: essays papers

Our society is a complex collection of institutions, status, roles, values, and norms, and the best way to understand and learn about them is through the use of cultural artifacts. These can be anything from music to art to literature, or as in the example of this discussion, the modern day creation of advertisement as seen in women's magazines. As Homo Sapiens moved from the hunter - gatherer way of life to industrial society , it was necessary to construct a framework for living so that such a concentrated number of people could exist together. This framework as come to consist of a myriad of expectations based on values and norms in the form of roles status and institutions. Desirable behavior is sought by people throughout the country based on how one is brought up and the expectations one is bombarded with on a daily basis. These expectations are reflected in every part of our culture and are used by people so as to know how to act in any given situation. The main examples are: the family, education, health and medicine, religion, and the law. I have found that certain mediums reflect the expected roles in these institutions better than others. I originally focused on gender roles as a depiction of stereotypical behavior as reflected by advertising especially the portrayal of women, but I discovered that there were other stereotypes being perpetuated as well that were just as institutionalized if not just simply less noticed or studied. Therefore, although this argument will focus on the depiction of females and the female role in advertising. It will also mention the general use of American values , norms, and institutions to influence consumers. An institution is defined as "a stable cluster of values, norms, status, roles, and groups that develop around a basic social need" with a status being a person's position in society and a role being the behavior expected from that, and a value being a socially shared idea of what is good, right, and desirable and a norm being the behavior expected from those ideas. When people begin to form certain expectations in life there begin to be formed stereotypes. People recognize them universally and use them to form opinions and act or not act in a certain way when they are confronted with a situation or person.

Home Depot Case Essay

1. On the basis of Home Depot’s response to environmentalist issues, describe the attributes (power, legitimacy, urgency) of this stakeholder. Using the Reactive Defensive-Accommodative-Proactive Scale in Chapter 2, assess the company’s strategy and performance with environmental and employee stakeholders. In 1990 Home Depot began to work off a basis of environmental principles. People in the community pushed for the company to become more eco-friendly. These principles help to guide a number of different programs to help minimize the company’s and shopper’s impact on the environment. 2. As a publicly traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much money for philanthropy? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, affordable housing, and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot? Home Depot volunteers many hours to help the needy. They contribute money and help with disaster relief efforts. They also contribute money to charities to help the less fortunate. Home Depot can justify budgeting so much money because they do not see it as a loss. They believe they are placing money back into the local community and back into the economy. These actions build trust with customers and stakeholders. 3. Is Home Depot’s recessionary strategy of eliminating debt and halting growth a wise one? What would you recommend to the CEO? In 2007, Home Depot foresaw an economic recession coming. This recession made them pull back money from opening new stores. The basis for pulling their money back was to ensure they would be able to pay their bills without having to borrow money from the government. I wouldn’t recommend the CEO to do anything because I believe they are doing what they can to be economically responsibly for their stakeholders.

Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Prey relationships. In depth view of predator prey relationships. Covers mutualism, defense mechanisms, and coevolution.

Predator/Prey relationships. In depth view of predator prey relationships. Covers mutualism, defense mechanisms, and coevolution. In depth view of predator prey relationships. Covers mutualism, defense mechanisms, and coevolution. Good paper, needs grammatical workThe relationship between predators and their prey is an intricate and complicated relationship; covering a great area of scientific knowledge. This paper will examine the different relationships between predator and prey; focusing on the symbiotic relations between organisms, the wide range of defense mechanisms that are utilized by various examples of prey, and the influence between predators and prey concerning evolution and population structure.Symbiosis is the interaction between organisms forming a long term relationship with each other. Many organisms become dependent on others and they need one another or one needs the other to survive. Symbiotic interactions include forms of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.The first topic of discussion in symbiosis is parasitism. Parasitism is when the relationship between two animal populations become s intimate and the individuals of one population use the other population as a source of food and can be located in or on the host animal or animal of the other population(Boughey 1973).Aliens vs. Predator (novel series)No known organism escapes being a victim of parasitism(Brum 1989).Parasitism is similar to preditation in the sense that the parasite derives nourishment from the host on which it feeds and the predator derives nourishment from the prey on which it feeds(Nitecki 1983). Parasitism is different from most normal predator prey situations because many different parasites can feed off of just one host but very few predators can feed on the same prey(1973). In parasite-host relationships most commonly the parasite is smaller than the host. This would explain why many parasites can feed off of one single host. Another difference in parasite-host relationships is that normally the parasite or group of parasites do not kill the host from feeding, whereas a predator will kill.. .

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The book is necessary for novices in rock music or those searching to understand the richness of rock music from drumming, playing guitars, music composition and performance, based on the 12 highlighted bands. By examining the various rock artists, the writer takes the reader through different rock compositions and examines how they vary from one artist to the other, which portrays the varying styles in progressive rock. Riley, Glenn (2004) Progressive Rock Guitar. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing. The author is an experienced guitarist, having started playing at the age of twelve, and since 1991, Riley was a teacher and a performer of rock. The author is also renowned for authoring other books published by the National Guitar Workshop; as a teacher and a performer, Riley offers a concise examination of guitar techniques in rock. The author opens up music and various guitar techniques in covering a comprehensive approach in progressive rock guitar. However, the author assumes the read er is aware of music notations, the major scale and its modes, theories such as diatonic harmony and overall construction of codes. Riley offers a concise insight into guitar playing and its variations across the rock music genre. The book is an important guide to understanding guitar techniques in progressive rock from an experienced rock performer and academician. Macan, Edward (1996) Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. NY: Oxford University Press. Macan delves deep in examining the reasons behind the vibrancy of rock shows today, the fantasied literature associated with rock, the growing fascination in rock considered to have relations with science fiction. This is because most rock artists use science fiction –inspired images and sonic landscapes in most of their rock albums. In this approach, Macan goes into details in covering a wide range of aspects including the visual art elements por trayed in rock album covers and rock’s conceptual themes and lyrics. Importantly, the author goes back to the bohemian English culture in tracing the history of progressive rock and how rock gained popularity in Europe and North America. The broad approach makes the book a worthy text in understanding the history of progressive rock. Holm-Hudson, Kevin (2002) Progressive Rock Reconsidered, London: Routledge. The author offers a concise collection of various essays in inquiring into the history of progressive rock. The edited essays offer an understanding of the manner in which fans and critics view it. Though the author accounts for the manner in which critics have faulted progressive rock, he confirms that most rock stars have successfully integrated elements of classical style in most of their performances. The book is too technical in using rock terminologies, making it a true reference for researchers in rock music. Hagarty, Paul and Halliwell, Martin (2011) Beyond and Be fore: Progressive Rock Since the 1960s, London: Continuum International Publishing. The book details the roots of progressive rock in linking its development to fusion of styles such as the earlier rhythm and blues and the 1970 genres. The authors offer a comprehensive account of all aspects of progressive rock, which include politics, theatre, music and words. The authors in this approach shed more light on a misunderstood phase in the history of

PROJECT DEFINITION (Final project) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

PROJECT DEFINITION (Final project) - Essay Example The original purpose of the phone conversation was to discuss a possible licensing agreement. However, their conversation led to a discussion of competitive strategy and the idea of a merger between the two companies was broached. (Hoopes, 2004). By next month, all the basics of the deal were formulated and by September first week, the merger was approved by both boards. The merger was expected to yield savings projected to reach $2.5 billion annually by 2004. (Hoopes, 2004). To identify the strategic management issues that arose out at Compaq and Hewlett-Packard respectively in the lead up to the merger in 2001, and the changes in strategic management that resulted after the merger within the newly merged operation. Although Compaq was growing at a good rate as an independent corporation in the server market and retail PCs, as part of strategic management policy it wanted to expand its reach, particularly in the consulting arena. As an important step towards its transition as a consulting power providing corporate solutions, Compaq and its CEO Michael Cappellas utilized the offer put forward by Carly Fiorina. â€Å"Compaq, which has a global services division of almost 40,000 employees, is moving strategically towards IT business solutions in the key markets, where together with HP, they can compete effectively against IBM, Dell, and Sun.† (Cormia, 2002). As Compaq had a strong strategic management policy of expansion into the consulting arena, the merger was the best feasible option for them. HP wanted to include PC assembling and retailing in its ‘resume’ and thereby become a full-service technology company. A full service technology company who can do all the IT related works and thereby take on the leaders Dell and IBM. â€Å"Fiorina argued, the merger would create a full-service technology firm capable of doing everything from selling PCs and printers to setting up

S4 W8 Second WA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

S4 W8 Second WA - Assignment Example THP has crafted ten principles and is working on them to make sure that its strategies are implemented properly. These principles are displayed in the figure below. THP started its operations in Africa back in 1987; two years after the famine hit the African world. THP started its program named as â€Å"Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger†. The basic idea behind this program was to call up the capable African leaders to help their nation in fighting out against the hunger. The Africa Prize also believes in celebrating and acknowledging the hard work of these devoted individuals from time to time. This program is now a diversified one and out forming other programs by offering vast array of leadership services to the people of Africa. THP’s in 1990s started a decentralized and a more holistic kind of people centered approach known as Strategic Planning in Action. Thousands of villages in Africa have applied to SPIA in order to empower their dwellers to achieve improvement in the sectors of health, nutrition, education and family income. Women are the major producer of food for the household usage in Africa, yet government has not considered them in crafting agricultural policies in order to improve the production of crops. The idea behind initiating such program was to empower the tens of thousands of African farmer women through proper training in the agricultural field. Secondly, the program was a way to drive government’s attention towards the importance of women in this sector and also to the fact that the future of agriculture sector depends on the women food farmers in Africa. This latter task was accomplished by launching a massive advocacy campaign in African countries. AIDS has been progressing in the African countries for years and the main reason is that women have minimal or no power in these countries to protect themselves. â€Å"AIDS and Gender Inequality Workshop† launched by THP in 2003